Civil and Political Rights of Human Beings between Sharia and Law

Abstract

The protection of human rights in our current era is the primary concern in all international forums and scientific conferences. Civil and political rights are at the forefront of these rights which all international charters and national laws aim to affirm and establish mechanisms to protect and prevent violations. Since Islamic law is the primary source for everything mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the foundation of all rights, especially civil and political rights, these are enshrined in the Medina Charter, the first constitution in Islam, This study addresses these rights starting with civil rights, including the right to freedom, life, equality, and citizenship, as well as political rights, such as the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the right to consultation (Shura). A comparison was made between what is stated in the legal systems and Islamic law, leading to conclusions and recommendations that affirm the superiority and excellence of Islamic law in all human rights in general, and civil and political rights specifically.